What is CRM?
Only a handful of other industries can boast the sheer volume of abbreviations that aviation possesses. And here is another one to add to your aviation vocabulary. While you might have heard the acronym CRM used before, chances are it’s not the same one used in the skies (and on ground). In aviation CRM stands for Crew Resource Management system (also called Cockpit Resource Management).
The Crew Resource Management definition is not as complicated as one might think, however. It is a skill set utilized by crews to recognize, avoid, and mitigate risk. The purpose of CRM is to improve aviation and flight safety as well as cognitive and interpersonal skills of those who are responsible for seeing the flight through – pilots and cabin crew.
Push for better CRM training
Looking back, Crew Resource Management has been a relatively fresh addition to the overall aviation education. It wasn’t completely non-existent, but the focus laid in mastering the technical skills. Aviation is said to be the first industry overall to adopt the CRM principles, and United Airlines holds the status of having been the first one to incorporate it into their curriculum in 1981.
Regrettably, as with many aspects of aviation, a critical need for improvement in interpersonal and decision-making skills emerged in the wake of tragic aviation accidents.
The 1977 Tenerife airport disaster – the deadliest in aviation history to date – was one of the heartbreaking pushes for better CRM training. After two passenger aircraft collided on the runway, taking 583 lives with them, the investigators emphasized mutual misunderstanding in radio communications between aircraft crew members and air traffic control (ATC) as the primary cause of the catastrophe.
A year later in 1978, United Airlines Flight 173 encountered landing gear malfunctions while approaching Portland International Airport. The pilot became fixated on resolving the gear issue, neglecting the dwindling fuel supply. The plane plummeted onto a wooded neighborhood, killing eight passengers and two crew members. The report detailed the lack of communication skills under stress, situational awareness, effective teamwork, decision making and task allocation were all contributing factors.
These accidents had a lasting effect on aviation, highlighting the undeniable need for standardization in radio communication as well as diligent inspection of cockpit procedures. According to an International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) report, investigations into the causes of aviation accidents have shown that human error takes anywhere from 60% to 80% in all airline incidents and accidents. Poor group decision making, ineffective communication, inadequate leadership and poor task and resource management have been the main issues at hand. As a result, Crew Resource Management system was introduced as a mandatory element of airline pilots’ training.
CRM training procedures
ICAO’s issued Advisory Circular for Crew Resource Management training program details key topics that CRM training should cover. While it acts as a strong recommendation, some of the defined areas give a good idea of where the focus for enhancing the soft skills come from:
- Human error and reliability, error chain, error prevention and detection;
- Company safety culture, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), organizational factors;
- Stress, stress management, fatigue and vigilance;
- Informational acquisition and processing, situational awareness, and workload management;
- Decision making;
- Communication and coordination inside and outside the cockpit;
- Leadership, team performance and behavior;
- Checklist and Briefing.
Six CRM skills
The CRM training is usually categorized into six core competencies that – when regularly improved – can help in mitigating human errors as much as, well, humanly possible. So, what are those six Crew Resource Management skills that the aviation professionals need to constantly refine?
1. Communication skills
‘Communication is key’ – a golden phrase, that, while might be a tad bit repetitive, still rings extremely true. The job of a pilot is a highly responsible one. To improve communication and be clearly and effectively understood by teams both airborne and on ground is as important in a case of emergency as the honed technical skills.
The objective of CRM here is to enhance verbal communication. By equipping the team with a set of tools and techniques, they are able to convey information more effectively to one another. Incident and accident reports throughout the years show that one of the leading causes in miscommunication is the lack of callback (or clarification), usually on the pilot’s end. Assumption errors, incomplete communication, and jargon overload are just some of poor communication examples that can lead to fatal errors. It’s important to note that communication skills go beyond back-and-forth between the cockpit and air traffic controllers. Effectively conveyed information between the flight crew members is as crucial. That is why developing those interpersonal skills could be a deciding moment in the time of an emergency.
2. Decision making
Poor communication affects decision making. The combination of incorrect information, assumptions and time pressure mix into a truly blood-chilling concoction. Crew Resource Management training helps to improve this crucial skill.
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The main approach to this is to follow a structured process – evaluating potential courses of action and choosing the best one for that situation. Additionally, briefing and debriefing procedures also play a role here. Briefings ensure that the crew is aware of the goals and objectives, as well as relevant information or issues that may impact the flight. Debriefings, on the other hand, review the flight after it has been completed. It helps identify areas of success, what needs to be improved, and to summarize lessons learned.
3. Situational awareness
Situational awareness is the ability of the flight crew to see what is going on around them, understand what it means, and make predictions about what might happen next – tuning in their cognitive skills. It is essential for overall safety and successful decision-making. Flight crew is trained to maintain constant vigilance, keeping a watchful eye on their surroundings, monitoring crucial instrument readings, and staying alert to any changes in weather conditions or external factors that could influence flight operations.
Maintaining situational awareness is no easy task, but with the right tools and techniques it can eventually become a second nature for pilots and the accompanying team.
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4. Teamwork
Historically, the flight crew has a very hierarchal structure. When it comes to it, the Captain’s word is the law. While it does makes sense, this can become an obstacle when the team find themselves in dire straits. Crew Resource Management focuses on breaking down that power structure among the team.
What it does is give room for more effective coordination and cooperation. This, in turn, enhances team performance when it matters the most. The chain of command and respect between the members is still there, but the barriers of the social structure are less strict.
5. Task allocation
To avoid unnecessary overloading, another skill area that CRM covers is task management and allocation. Dividing up responsibilities among the team members to reach their goals effectively is key here.
6. Leadership
Despite promoting breaking down the hierarchy aboard an aircraft, Crew Resource Management also supports effective leadership. Among many other things, pilots have to be good leaders. Their position here is to effectively organize and manage the resources available for the job to be completed. Effective leaders equal effective crew, which as a result, ups the team performance.
Bottom line
The importance of Crew Resource Management in aviation cannot be understated. Good cognitive and interpersonal skills are essential in maintaining safety in the skies and on ground. It is important to remember that both technical and soft skills define a good pilot and a cabin crew member. The combination of these skills help mitigate possible risks while operating a flight.
The line between digitization in aviation to reduce human error and the need for human supervision to catch nuances automated processes can’t is a fragile one. In a way, one cannot exist without the other, and maintaining your interpersonal skills sharp can be the determining factor when it comes to highly stressful situations.
